Identification and transfer of desirable genes from wild relatives to crop species is one of the breeding solutions for producing resistance to pathogens and pests. This study was conducted to evaluate crossability and the response to Pythium ultimumin three species of the genus Carthamus. To assess response to the pathogen, eight cultivated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes, two ecotypes of wild species C. oxyacanthus collected from Tehran and Isfahan, and one ecotype of wild species C. lanatus collected from Golestan province as sub factor were cultured on pathogen-free and infested medium with zoospore suspension of P. ultimum as main factor in a split plot design with 4 replications. Suspension of 105 zoospore per milliliter was used for inoculation. At the pathogen-free media, seed germination of cultivated and C. lanatus genotypes was higher than 90%, but at the infested media just cultivated genotypes had germination to this extent. The crossability experiment shows that, success in interspecific hybrid seed production is highly depended on choosing the seed producing parent. In the cross of cultivated species with C. oxyacanthus, more hybrid seed was obtained when C. oxyacanthus was female parent. Produced seeds on the cross of cultivated species and C. oxyacanthus had enough germination ability, but it was nothing for seeds obtained from cross of cultivated species and C. lanatus. Resistance of C. oxyacanthus to the pathogen Pythium and success in hybrid seed production show the potential of this species for transferring of resistance and other favorable traits to cultivated safflower.

In pistachio, the majority of fruits does not reach maturity and drop up to 8 weeks after pollination. The fruits that reach maturity, a proportion are abnormal, seedless (blank) or their shell is not split. In this study, pollination and fruit development were investigated in relation to abscission and abnormalities.A medium containing 1% agar and 10% sucrose was used to assess the pollen quality. Fresh and 24 hours dried pollen showed high germination in vitro as did pollen stored at freezer (-15°C) up to usage time. The stigma surface of Pistcia vera turned to pale red with some secretion on top and among papillas at anthesis. Female Pistacia vera trees were hand pollinated with pollen from male of P. atlantica and P. vera at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluoresence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts were achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three days old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four days old pistils supported little pollen tube growth and fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parent, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following inter-specific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicated that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within two days of anthesis and inter-specific pollinator genotypes should be abandoned.

When and at which stage in Medics' flowers, pollan grains may grow and fertilize the pistile? How the fragile flowers of medics may be emasculated for inter and intra-specific HYBRIDIZATION, with high percentage of success? This study was carried out to answer these questions.To find the exact time of pollan maturation and their fertilability, the flowers of two species of medics, Medicago polymorpha and M.rigidula were visited at various sizes. And stages Pollan sacs were removed and cultured on agar based media. The best size of the flowers for emasculation before self fertilization was recognized for the two species. This size was about the stage before the tip of the standard petal past its calyx teeth.To emasculate the flowers on the mentioned stage, various density of ethilic alcohol, suction pump, surgical blade and fine/ needle were used. The best method to emasculate the flowers was opening the flowers through standard petal by surgical blade and removing the pollan sacs by suction pump or fine needle. After HYBRIDIZATION, to cover the fragile emasculated flowers to keep them fresh and moist, a glass tube was used, instead of paper bag, for 15 days at 25 degree of centigrade.

In this research, establishment and determination of optimal medium with suitable hormone balance for proliferation of 4 INTERSPESIFIC hybrids were studied in the in vitro culture. The explants were taken from lateral buds and shoot tips of HS314 (P. amygdalus × P. persica), HS 302 (P. armeniaca × P. cerasifera), HS408 (P. armeniaca × P. domestica),  HS721 (P. amygdalus × P. cerasifera) and  GF677 (as control) during growth and dormant seasons. Single node cuttings were used as explant and sterilized by sodium hypochlorite solution (CloNa) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) then cultured in four culture media: QL, modified Knop, WPM and modified MS. The results showed  that sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) in 5, 7 and 10 min and  HgCl2  with 0.5, 0.8 and 1 g l-1 (in 5 min) were the best treatment for herbaceous, semihard wood and hardwood explants, respectively. In establishment stage WPM for HS302 and HS408 and modified MS for HS314, HS721 and GF677 with 0.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.05 mg l-1 NAA were the optimal culture media. In proliferation stage, modified MS and half-strength MS with 1.5 mg l-1 BAP for HS314, HS721 and GF677 and WPM with 1 mg l-1 + 0.01 mg l-1 IBA for HS302 and HS408 were the best culture media and concentrations of growth regulators. Therefore, HS314 and HS302 had high potential for growth rate and proliferation while HS408 and HS721 were low proliferation potential.

Using INTERSPESIFIC hybrids as rootstocks in genus Prunus is of interest for rootstock breeding programs in the world in recent years. A research was carried out on 106 natural and artificial INTERSPESIFIC hybrids at Sahand Horticultural Research Station in years of 2002-2005. Evaluation and selection of progenies was conducted according to some individual traits that are very important for clonal rootstocks. Morphological characteristics studied and rooting ability were tested on the 7 selections by hard-wood and semi-hardwood cuttings that had been treated with indolebutyricacid (with doses 2000 and 1500 Mg l-1, respectively) in greenhouse and outdoor conditions based on RCB design with three replications in each method. HS314 and HS312 genotypes (peach × almond) and HS302 and HS304 (prune × apricot) had high vigor, very good climatic adaptation and high rooting ability (30-60%). HS408 (plum × apricot) and HS721 genotypes (prune × almond) had complete flowers but their pistils were very short and sterile. Although they had very good characteristics as a rootstocks but their rooting percentage were low.

After the birth of the “cytogenetics” in 1956 and its application in medicine in 1959 as valuable tool for the diagnosis of congenital diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities, its limitations persuades the investigators to discover and employ “banding” techniques. This method could overcome many pre-existing problems and limitations but was not diagnostic especially when tissue culture was not possible due to tissue necrosis or in microdeletions. Fortunately, Fluorescent In Situ HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) could prevail over many of the aforementioned limitations but it could not evaluate necrosed tissues since it required a specific probe for each disease. Array Comparative Genomic HYBRIDIZATION (aCGH) is a new technique which enables us to study both necrosed and viable tissues. Another advantage of this method is the ability to study the whole genome and assess any decrease or increase in the chromosome material. This technique is currently regarded as the best and most efficient. Since stillbirths and viable or necrosed curettage specimens comprise most of the referred specimens to Kariminejad & Najmabadi Pathology and Genetic Center and evaluation of the specimens with a special focus on chromosomal aberrations are required by clinicians, we have equipped our center with technical equipment and experienced cytogenetic technicians. In the end, two cases whose definite diagnoses were made using FISH and Array CGH are presented.

Chromosome microarray is being suggested and replacing karyotype as first tier diagnostic test for individuals with unexplained developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Chromosome microarray gives a diagnostic yield of 15-20% for genetic testing of individuals with DD/ID, ASD or MCA compared to 3% in karyotype (excluding Down syndrome and other recognizable chromosomal syndromes). We present the results of chromosome microarray performed on 110 individuals with DD/ID, ASD or MCA. From the 110 cases, 23 cases (20.9%) showed copy number variations, of which 13 were deletions, 5 were duplication and 5 were duplication and deletion. The limitations of chromosome microarray are for detection of balanced translocation and low-level mosaicism, but these chromosomal abnormalities are rare causes of abnormal phenotypes in this category of patients.

Translation scholars are in the belief that when a hybrid text gets translated, its elements, whether hybrid or non-hybrid, undergo certain changes. The present study, thus, endeavours to probe into the nature of these changes. In other words, it attempts to illustrate what fates elements of a hybrid text are to encounter in the process of translation.Exploring an English hybrid text taken from immigrant literature along with its translation into Persian revealed that in the process of translation, some of the elements of the hybrid text remain intact and are transferred to the target text without any change; i.e. they preserve their original hybrid or non-hybrid quality. However, certain other elements undergo changes which we classified under the three categories of HYBRIDIZATION, deHYBRIDIZATION and reHYBRIDIZATION.

According to the research conducted by literary scholars and linguists, the word loses its semantic influence and capability over time due to its application within a specific linguistic system, turning into a somewhat routine phenomenon. To resurrect and enrich words, the litterateur or poet allows them to undergo paradigmatic and syntagmatic processes, granting a kind of freshness and new life to them by placing a word from one conceptual family next to one from another. Furthermore, this displacement of words adopts a modern form of power and function. Known as HYBRIDIZATION, this is a prominent process in literature. In the Kurdish literature, Sherko Bekas has employed this art particularly widely. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to analyze HYBRIDIZATION in Sherko Bekas’ poetry. The poet has created art by utilizing the technique in several semantic areas relevant to man, his occupation and conditions, religious, tools and instruments in his life, nature, language and literature, music, abstract and non-abstract concepts and time-space. He has thus granted greater power to his language of poetry and developed a new language. He has also provided man and the domains of poetry and nature with particular significance in that regard.